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<p>In classical Islamic terminology, the question of whether naqlī (also referred to as lafẓī or samʿī) proofs&mdash;namely, the verses of the Qurʾān and the ḥadīths of the Prophet&mdash;provide certain (i.e., indubitable or definitive) knowledge (yaqīn/qaṭʿiyyah) constitutes one of the distinctive areas of debate within the Islamic scholarly and intellectual tradition. This debate, which may be described as the &ldquo;problem of the certainty of naqlī proofs,&rdquo; began broadly with Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210) and was further developed by Sayyid Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413). The literature that emerged around his work Sharḥ al-Mawāqif added new dimensions to the discussion and formed a rich conceptual framework.</p>

<p>The present book addresses the problem of the certainty of naqlī proofs by focusing on the views and evaluations adopted by al-Jurjānī in Sharḥ al-Mawāqif. The study also compares the views of earlier and later thinkers, and gives particular attention to the glosses (ḥawāshī) written on the work, thereby offering a multifaceted analysis of the problem. In doing so, it seeks to bring to light all aspects of this issue through the lens of a classical madrasa text, along with its potential sources and the primary literature that formed around it.</p>